Jonathan Goodman's Mathematics Education Page

Introduction

I am a professional mathematician, the father of two school aged kids, and have taken an active interest in K-12 mathematics education. People agree that kids need a better math education than they are getting. The question is how to do it. Unfortunately, fuzzy math curriculum changes are making matters worse. Many national and local groups of parents and mathematicians are working against fuzzy math. This page describes my understanding and experiences working on these issues in New York City.

As a professor teaching undergraduate and graduate math at the university, I paid no attention to K-12 at all. Not only was it irrelevent to my professional ambitions, but there were, so I thought, experts whose views were much more informed than mine. Then my older son started attending PS41, our neighborhood elementary school, which was in the famous District 2 run by nationally known educator Anthony Alvorado. By the third grade things were serious. Instead systematic addition and subtraction, they were drawing pictures and solving "brain teasers" (simple word problems) by trial and error. There was no progression of ideas; the third and fourth grade books being practicall identical. I tried to share my misgivings with the Principal, but got was told (for the first, but not the last time) that research had shown that the "conceptual, problem solving" makes kids do better later on.

Around that time, I got an email asking me to endorse the Klein letter asking the US Secretary of Education (Richard Riley at the time) to put mathematics experts "in the loop" in making K-12 math curriculum recommendations. Though I did not know much about the national politics of math education, clearly something was wrong and this modest request was easy to agree with: I signed. A while later, community activist Elizabeth Carson noticed the signature of a local mathematician and contacted me to see whether I might help her push for better curricula District 2. At her suggestions, I started probing: what were the curricula District 2 was using? What was the research supporting them? Who was chosing the distruct 2 curricula and what was their process? The answers were disturbing . . .

What is fuzzy math?

Fuzzy math seems to have two main roots: constructivism and math phobia. Constructivism is the belief that a person cannot truly understand something without figuring it our for himself or herself. Math phobia is anxiety associated with rigorous abstract reasoning, particularly involving numbers or geometry. Traditional "direct instruction", the teacher presenting mathematical ideas that the students then practice and master, upsets constructivists and math phobics. Constructivists believe that kids have not learned math well because direct instruction has kept them from understanding it. Math phobics feel the traditional material is unnecessarily hard in the modern age where computers can do all the work. They prefer less threatening "problem solving" unburdened with frightening formalism.

Standards

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) is the nation's largest professional society for K-12 math education. It issues "standards" that embody the beliefs of the fuzzy math movement, and lobbies forcefully for its brand of "standards based" math education. The EHR (Education and Human Resources) branch of the NSF (National Science Foundation) provides handsome funding to school districts and educators, but only those promoting "standards based" approaches, which means approaches based on the NCTM fuzzy math standards. For example, a recent funding program calls for curricula that are "research based" and "reflect standards".

The NCTM and related standards are called fuzzy because of their studied bureaucratic vagueness. For example, the Number and Operations standard for Kindergarden through second grade says that by the end of second grade, kids should be able to "understand and represent commonly used fractions, such as 1/4, 1/3, and 1/2." Is this anything more than memorizing an association of the symbol "1/4" with a picture of a quarter of a pie? Should the kid understand that putting three of these quarters together gives 3/4 of a pie? The three items under "Compute fluently" are "develop and use strategies for whole-number computations, with a focus on addition and subtraction;" (What is a "strategy"? What are the non-focus computations?), "develop fluency with basic number combinations for addition and subtraction;" (memorize simple sums and differences?), and "use a variety of methods and tools to compute, including objects, mental computation, estimation, paper and pencil, and calculators." What about adding, say 56 to 78, the normal way (write 56 above 78, add 6 to 8 to get 14, write the 4 underneath and carry the 10, add one ten (the carry) to the 5 and 7 tens giving 13 tens, then write the 13 in front of the 4 to get 134.)? The NCTM "standard" hints that kids should learn something like this, but it does not actually say so. Moreover, with all those "stragegies" and "understandings" going on, how would the teacher have time?

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Last revised June 8, 2004.